Towards Large-Scale Small Object Detection: Survey and Benchmarks

With the rise of deep convolutional neural networks, object detection has achieved prominent advances in past years. However, such prosperity could not camouflage the unsatisfactory situation of Small Object Detection (SOD), one of the notoriously challenging tasks in computer vision, owing to the poor visual appearance and noisy representation caused by the intrinsic structure of small targets. In addition, large-scale dataset for benchmarking small object detection methods remains a bottleneck. In this paper, we first conduct a thorough review of small object detection. Then, to catalyze the development of SOD, we construct two large-scale Small Object Detection dAtasets (SODA), SODA-D and SODA-A, which focus on the Driving and Aerial scenarios respectively. SODA-D includes 24828 high-quality traffic images and 278433 instances of nine categories. For SODA-A, we harvest 2513 high resolution aerial images and annotate 872069 instances over nine classes. The proposed datasets, as we know, are the first-ever attempt to large-scale benchmarks with a vast collection of exhaustively annotated instances tailored for multi-category SOD. Finally, we evaluate the performance of mainstream methods on SODA. We expect the released benchmarks could facilitate the development of SOD and spawn more breakthroughs in this field. Datasets and codes are available at: \url{https://shaunyuan22.github.io/SODA}

Anti-obesity effect of an isoflavone fatty acid ester on obese mice induced by high fat diet and its potential mechanism

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The novel compound <b>1a </b>is one of the isoflavone fatty acid esters. In order to investigate the anti-obesity effect of compound <b>1a </b>and its potential mechanism of influence in adipocyte differentiation, Obese male C57BL/6J mice induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and rat preadipocytes (3T3-L1 cell) were used.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>After 4-week HFD induction, the obese model was made successfully. After treatment with compound <b>1a</b>, mice plasma biochemistry parameters were analyzed. In addition, mice hepatic tissue slice was observed. In <it>in vitro </it>research, 3T3-L1 cell differentiation by Oil-Red-O staining and adipocyte apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The <it>in vivo </it>results implied that compound <b>1a </b>significantly decreased the body weight, white adipose tissue weight of obesity mice(p < 0.05), reduced leptin and TG in plasma(p < 0.05), elevated HDL-C in serum(p < 0.05). The <it>in vitro </it>results suggested that compound <b>1a </b>could significantly suppress the adipocyte viability and lipid accumulation in the differentiation of preadipocyte, and induce apoptosis in both preadipocytes and mature adipocytes(p < 0.05).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Compound <b>1a </b>regulates serum lipid profiles, decreases adipose tissue mass and body weight gain by inducing adipocyte apoptosis in high fat diet induced mice. Thus, it may be used to treat obese patients with hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia.</p

2-Iodo-5-nitro­thio­phene

The title compound, C4H2INO2S, was synthesized by nitration of iodo­thio­phene with acetyl nitrate. The molecule is essentially planar, withthe nitro group tilted by 1.78 (19)° and the iodine atom displaced by 0.0233 (2) Å with respect to the thiophene ring. In the crystal structure, adjacent mol­ecules are linked through weak I⋯O inter­actions [3.039 (2)Å], forming chains extending along the b axis

1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid

In the title compound, C5H5NO2, the pyrrole ring and its carboxyl substituent are close to coplanar, with a dihedral angle of 11.7 (3)° between the planes. In the crystal structure, adjacent mol­ecules are linked by pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form inversion dimers. Additional N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link these dimers into chains extending along the a axis

1-Ethyl-1H,6H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]azepine-4,8(5H,7H)-dione

The title compound, C10H12N2O2, was synthesized by cyclization of 3-(1-ethyl­pyrrole-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid in the presence of polyphospho­ric acid and diphospho­rus pentoxide. In the crystal structure, adjacent mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains extending along the b axis

Methyl 3-[(1-butyl-1H-indol-3-yl)carbonyl­amino]propionate

In the title mol­ecule, C17H22N2O3, the mean plane of the terminal (C=O)OMe fragment and the indole plane form a dihedral angle of 78.94 (3)°. Inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into chains extended along the c axis. The crystal packing exhibits π–π inter­actions, indicated by the short distance of 3.472 (2) Å between the centroids of the five-membered heterocycles of neighbouring mol­ecules

Methyl (1H-pyrrol-2-ylcarbonyl­amino)acetate

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C8H10N2O3, mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming ribbons of centrosymmetric dimers extending along the c axis

Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured by optical coherence tomography in Chinese teenagers aged from 13 years old to 18 years old

AIM: To establish a reference range of retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness by optical coherence tomography(OCT)in Chinese teenagers aged from 13 to 18 years old, and investigate its relationship with age, eye side, gender, and ethnic group.<p>METHODS: A total of 402 eyes from 201 normal Chinese aged from 13 to 18 years old were recruited for this study. Optic disk with 3.4mm diameter circle in different global average, quadrant and part-time bit retinal nerve fiber layer thickness(RNFLT)was measured by RNFL thickness average analysis program. Their RNFLT at different part-time bit, quadrant and global average RNFLT around the disc were measured by OCT with 3.4mm diameter circle, using the RNFL thickness average analysis program. The data was analyzed with SPSS statistical 19.0. The influences of several factors(such as age, eye side, gender, and ethnic group)on RNFLT were also analyzed.<p>RESULTS: The global average RNFLT at 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 years old was 108.32±9.42μm, 109.23±9.67μm, 110.36±11.14μm, 111.27±10.21μm, 109.23±9.67μm, 112.11±8.83μm respectively. RNFLT of right eyes was 109.82±8.93μm and of left eyes was 110.33±9.89μm. All of the male's average RNFLT was 110.14±10.02μm, and all of the female's average RNFLT was 109.96±11.22μm. The average RNFLT of Han nationality was 110.22±9.31μm and of non-Han nationality was 109.87±8.65μm. The average RNFLT of all was 110.02±9.87μm, the RNFLT at the superior, nasal, inferior and temporal quadrant was 146.56 ±18.88μm, 76.49±13.28μm, 136.64±16.29μm, 82.01±12.55μm respectively. There was no significant difference in gender, eye side, and ethnic group(all <i>P</i><0.05), but the difference was significant compared with adult's data of the database. <p>CONCLUSION: This study has established a normal standard reference of RNFLT and its related indexes by OCT in Chinese teenagers aged 13-18 years old. Gender, age, eye side, and ethnic group have no effect on their RNFLT, which has significant difference with adult's data. And for the diagnosis and follow-up of diseases involving in RNFL changes, the adult's data can not be used